Aule Metele (Arringatore)

Aule Metele (Arringatore)

Cortona, Italy    early 1st century BCE

life-size bronze statue

reflects Roman portrait style

Etruscan artist

Rome dominates all of Italy

Romes absorbs Etruscan art

Late Etruscan Sarcophagus

Top: Sarcophagus of Lars Pulena

Tarquinia, Italy

late 3rd/early 2nd century BCE

narrative of journey to after life

scroll displays achievements

Bottom: Sarcophagus of Ramtha Visnai & Arnth Tetnies    350-300BCE

Both: Hellenistic Etruria

stone found locally

somber expression

realistic-generic types not true portraits

Engraved bronze mirror

Chalchas examining a liver

400-375BCE  engraved bronze mirror   gifts for living & dead

artist: Novious Plautios

found w/ the Ficoroni Cista

cistae=cylindrical container for a woman's toiletry items

Porta Marzia gate wall

Porta Marzia, Perugia, Italy

2nd century BCE

1 of the gates (gate of Mars)in Perugia's walls

Etruscan adaptation of Greek motifs

fluted pilasters/engaged columns frame arches  central voussoir=keystone

trapezoidal stone voussoirs held by arcuated gateway

Capitoline Wolf

Capitoline Wolf

Rome, Italy    500-480BCE

Etruscan cast bronze statue

most memorable portrayal of an animal

characterization of an animal temperament

physical/psychological

infants added during the 15th century

Tomb of the Triclinium, Tarquinia

Tomb of the Triclinium, Tarquinia

480-470BCE

Etruscan figures similar to 6th century BCE Greek vases

"landscape"-trees/shrubs between figures & behind banqueting couches

Banditaccia Necropolis

Top: Tumuliin-Banditaccia necropolis

Cerveteri, Italy 7th-2nd centuries BCE

similar to Mycenaean tombs

tufa-dark local limestone

tumulus-great earthen mounds

extramural (outside walls)-houses of the 

dead

necropolis=cemetery

Bottom: interior Tomb of the Shields & Chairs   550-500BCE

?terracotta statues of dead "sat" in chairs?

craved from bedrock

Both: rock-cut underground tombs

mirrored houses of living

several generations buried

Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple

Sarcophagus w/ reclining couple

Banditaccia necropolis, Cerveteri, Italy

520BCE  brightly painted terracotta

Archaic Etrusran sculpture found in tomb

4 separate cast/fired sections

only contains ashes of couple

husband and wife/banquet couch

focus on upper half of figures

Etruscan hallmarks-emphatic gestures

Apulu (Apollo of Veii)

Apulu (Apollo of Veii)

roof of the Portonaccio Temple, Veii, Italy

510-500BCE  painted terracotta

life-size Etruscan statue

vigorous motion/attention to detail

?Vulca-sculptor of statue?

Model of Etruscan Temple

model of a typical Etruscan Temple

6th century BCE

described by Vitruvius

some similarly to Greek temples

only part of building made of stone

stone gable-roof

smaller in size than Greek

widely spaced unfluted wood columns

found only in front

walls: sun-dried mud brick

deep porch occupying part of podium

narrow staircase @ center

Fibula with Orientalizing Lions

Fibula w/ Orientalizing lions

Regolini-Galassi Tomb

Sorbo necropolis, Cerveteri, Italy

650-640BCE  gold

fibula=clasp/safety pin jewelry

fastened a woman's gown @ shoulder

displayed newly acquired wealth

respousse/granulation:fusing tiny metal balls to a metal surface

fusion of: Egyptian, Mesopotamian

disk-Italic tradition

Italy in Etruscan Times

Italy in Etruscan times

Tuscany centered on Florence

heartland of Etruscans A.K.A. Rasenna

6th century BCE-controlled northern Italy

cities did not unite as a nation-Etruria

skilled seafarers=trade

early 1st century BCE-fusion of native/immigrant people

Head of Odysseus

head of Odysseus early 1st century

owned by: Emperor Tiberius

Sperlonga, Italy

sculpted by: Athanadoros, Hagesandros, & Polydoros of Rhodes

party of mythological statuary

emotionally charged drama:

parted lips, shadows life-like detail Hellenistic baroque style

Parthenon, Acropolis

Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece

447-438BCE  marble building

centerpiece of Periclean

architects: Iktinos & Kallikrates

dedicated to Athena Parthenos

not true temple; no priestess/alter

Doric & Ionic elements: "perfect temple"

?statement:"Athens leader of all Greeks"?

Dying Gaul

Dying Gaul  Roman copy/bronze marble statue  230-220BCE

Altar of Zeus @ Pergamon: kingdom of Attalos II

death of Gallic trumpeter:

drama exaggerated, life-like details

Epigonos ?sculptor? 

Paionios of Ephesos

Paionios of Ephesos & Daphnis of Miletos

looking east aerial view

Temple of Apollo, Didyma, Turkeu

early Hellenistic started in 300BCE

5 centuries to build

dipteral(colonnade) in plan great scale

hypathral: roof open to sky

doorway to cella has stage for oracle to be announced

Youth Diving

Youth Diving cover slab of tomb

Temple del Prete Necropolis

Paestum, Italy   480-470BCE

fresco rare example:classical mural painting

trees resemble Niobid Krater

?symbolizes deceased's plunge into underworld? 

Caryatids/columns

Caryatids of south porch Erechtheron

Acropolis, Athens, Greece

421-405BCE  most famous feature

plaster casts marble statues

Ionic columns replaced w/ caryatids:

sculpted female figure; architectural support

contrapposto stances flute like drapery

Erechtheion Acropolis looking northeast

Erechtheion Acropolis 

looking northeast  Athens,Greece

421-405BCE

replaced Archaic Athena temple destroyed by Persians north of old temple remains

honored Athena contained wood image  multishrines

Erechtheus-king of Athens

historical mythological site

of contest of Athena & Poseidon

3 goddesses

3 goddesses(?Hestia, Dione,&Aphrodite?)

east pediment of Parthenon, Acropolis

Athens, Greece  438-432BCE

marble 

Phidias-overseer of the temple sculptural decoration mastered human anatomy, clothing

play light & shade ideal solution to Greek architect's perfect proportions

Phidias, Athena Parthenos "the virgin"

Phidias, Athena Parthenos "the virgin"

model of the lost chryselephantine (colossal gold/ivory) statue    438BCE

cella:inner room of a classical temple

Parthenon, Aeropolis, Athens, Greece

fully armed goddess w/ Nike (Victory)

winged female personification

centauromachy-battle centaurs/men

Amazonomachy-battle Greeks/Amazons
built Parthenon around statue

Polykleitos Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

Polykleitos Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

marble-copy of bronze;most copied

450-440BCE

Roman from palaestra(gymnasium)

Pompeii, Italy

nude male model for athletes/warriors

"perfect statue"/human movement

harmonic proportions cross-balance

Pythagoras of Samos-philosopher

theoretical basis of art="alone of men is deemed to have rendered art itself"

Kritios Boy

Kritios Boy  the Acropolis

Athens, Greece 480BCE

marble statue ?artist:Kritios?

1st statue to show natural stance

(contrapposto) weight shift 

no longer frontal, or smile

anatomical

separates Classical/Archaic Greek

Chariot race of Pelops & Oinomaos

Chariot race of Pelops & Oinomaos

east pediment, Temple of Zeus

Olympia, Greece  470-456BCE

marble statue

typical tragic story of Classical Greek era  actors on stage

Temple of Aphaia (Archaic Period)

Guillaume-Abel Blouet restored (1828)facade:Temple of Aphaia

500-490BCE  Aegina, Greece

Aegina & the Transition to the Classical Period

colorful Greek temples

composed figures/whole range of body postures

Single framed panel on vase

LEFT: Exekias(Athenian master painter)

amphora vase  540-530BCE

Etruscan Tomb, Vulci, Italy

single large framed panel

focal point=spears-dice

figures/imposing stature shape of vessel used to accent painting

RIGHT: Achilles killing Penthesilea: gravity/tension

characterize Classical Greek art abesnt in Archare art "calm before storm"

Francois signed vase

signed:Kleitias(painter),Ergotimos(potter)

Francois vase(Athenian black-figure volute)

Krater 570BCE  Etrucan Tomb

Chiusi, Italy  inspired by costly metal prototypes

200 figures in 5 registers labels around

encyclopedia Greek mythology

Orientalizing animals/sphinxes on base

Peplos Kore

Peplios Kore (stylistic "sister") 530BCE

Acropolis, Athens, Greece  marble statue

votive offering women always clothed(peplos)

dresses as goddess: 4 different garments

soft female form compared to Kouroi

missing attribute within left hand

Kouros male youth

Kouros(male youth), 600BCE

Attica, Anavyos, Greece    marble 

liberated from stone  Egyptian pose

frontal V shape  represent motion

Daedalic style-triangular shape, flatness in face

votive offerings deities perfect bodies

nude/wears choke necklace 

Corinthian Invention Technique

Corinthian Greek vase "painting"

Rhodes, Greece  625-600BCE

black-figure amphora ceramic technique painting on pottery invented by Corinthian colors do not fade

slip-liquefied clay

oxidizing-turned pot & slip red

reducing-oxygen cut/pot turned black

reoxidizing-pot red/slip stayed black

Orient fascination-Orientalizing animals incised linear details

signatures:brand name

Geometric Period Krater

Geometric (period) Krater 740BCE

Dipylon Cemetery, Athens, Greece

typical angular motifs early Greek

horizontal bands, pattern around 

mourning procession honor dead

libations? drain for rain water?

skill/wealth/position achievement

"painting" on pottery

Timeline Paleolithic

40,000-20,000BCE       Early Paleolithic

• 1st sculptures/paintings before written language

20,000-9000BCE           Later Paleolithic

• Painters cover walls/ceilings with animals in strict profile
• Sculptors carve nude women

9000-8000BCE              Mesolithic

• Ice caps melt: humans migrate

8000-5000BCE              Early Neolithic

• Settled communities
• Agriculture
• Stone walls built; Jericho fortified walls
• Large-scale human figures on painted plaster (dry fresco)
• Narrative paintings
• Composite views w/human figures

5000-2300BCE              Later Neolithic

• Megalithic passage graves/Stonehenge built
• Stone temples-carved/rectinear

Paleolithic/Neolithic

Paleolithic 40,000 BCE "old stone age" food gathering important era in art history 1st recorded events: painting/carving cave walls  strict profile

Neolithic 8000-5000BCE "new stone age"  food production revolution: 1st in Anatolia & Mesopotamia

Iconography Personifications

Statue of Liberty(U.S.A)

Iconography: gives viewers informed idea of time period & where art was made

Personifications: abstract ideas codified in human form

Lady Liberty-always portrayed as robed woman w/ rayed crown & holding torch

gives universal understanding of image

Shape & Form

Claude Lorrain (French) 1600-1682

Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba

oil on canvas 4'10"x 6'4"

biblical episode set in 17th century European harbor, why?

ancient roman ruin in left foreground

foreshortening-convergence of diagonal lines blurring of distant forms

perspective-shape/form=line

path of point moving w/in space

illusion 3D on 2D

Question: Perspective

Why is the small boat in the foreground much larger than the sailing ship in the distance? perspective: decrease size of object appears father away

increase size of object appears closer

composition: organizes forms in art work; shapes on flat surface

arranging in space

Cultural Context

Cultural Context: same subject

left: John Henry Sylvester (Englishman)

watercolor 8 1/4"x 6' 1/4"

portrait of Te Pehi Kupe

right: Te Pehi Kupe (New Zealand)

self portrait

both: same subject 1826

reproduced Chieftain tattoo

Architectural Drawings

Beauvais Cathedral, France

rebuilt after 1284

Architectural Drawings

experience visully & moving through/around structure

Left: plan-maps of floors

structure's mass

Right: lateral section-vertical "slices"

across building's width/lenght

Substractive Process

Michelangelo Buonarroti (Italian)

1527-1528 marble 8'7 1/2"

Unfinished Statue

Substractive Process: carving a freestanding piece from stone/wood

reduction original block

"leave behind" the statue

Hierarchy of Scale

Altar to the Hand Benin,Nigeria

1735-1750 bronze 1'5 1/2"

Hierarchy of Scale: king

larger than other figures

show importance

proportion @ scale size of subjects

compared to other parts w/in work

disproportion focus attention on 

Foreshortening

Peter Paul Rubens Lion Hunt

1617-1618 8'2"x 12'5"oil on canvas

Foreshortening: perspective

illusion of depth

appear 3D on 2D surface

bodies @ angles to picture plane

Personal Style

Georgia O'Keeffe(American)Jack-in-the-Pulpit

1930  oil on canvas 3'4"x 2'6"

Personal Style: organic forms abstract

close-up views petals and leaves

lines forms color

Style

Compare styles 13th century

left: Choir of Beauvais Catherdral

Beauvais, France  looking east

towering stone vaults

large stained-glass windows

right: Santa Croce Church

Florence, Italy   looking east

low timber roof

small windows

both: pointed arches

Style- varies region to region

Aerial View of Citadel

aerial view of Citadel, Tiryns, Greece

looking east  1400-1200BCE

hostile world for Mycenaens

protect king & families

easy to defend  narrow gates

entrance ramp weaken soldiers approaching

city "of the great walls"  

Cyclopean masonry

roughly cut stone blocks

later burned by invaders/internal warfare

Female Head

Mycenae, Greece

1300-1250BCE   6 1/2" high

painted plaster

female head-white flesh tone

fragment of life-size statue?

rare no large stone statues found

prehistoric Aegean

goddess? head of sphinx?

staring eyes  face paint? tattoos?